6*3=18. However, it can be simplified further using the fact that we are considering here alphabets of length M that are powers of a prime p: M=pn for some positive integer n. Thus, our formula simplifies to:
u(M) = pn pn/p which simplifies further to
= pn - pn-1. In affine cipher each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using a simple mathematical function, and converted back to a letter. Cite as source (bibliography): If you dont know, exercise your patience, later in this chapter I will present a more elegant program that uses the Euclidean Algorithm to determine the good keys. It is actually less secure than the Caesar cipher because the number of possible keys is smaller. 11
8
We first found the bad keys as the multiples of the prime divisors of the alphabet length M. Consequently, the good keys are the remaining integers less than M. Again a perfect task for a computer, especially when we have to find the prime divisors of bigger integers. Step 3: Lets see how decryption can be done using the above formula: Ciphertext = QCCSWJUPQCCSW and multiplication inverse key = 15, Ciphertext: Q > 16 Decryption: (16*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 6 > G, Ciphertext: C > 2 Decryption: (2*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 4 > E, Ciphertext: S > 18 Decryption: (18*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 10 > K, Ciphertext: W > 22 Decryption: (22*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 18 > S, Ciphertext: J > 9 Decryption: (9*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 5 > F, Ciphertext: U > 20 Decryption: (20*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 14 > O, Ciphertext: P > 15 Decryption: (15*15) mod 26 Plaintext: 17 > R, After decryption the plain text = GEEKSFORGEEKS. Try it! By using our site, you 20
There are several way to implement the inversion and the affine transformation described in the AES to get the final SBox. We can see in the table that an A will always translate into 0 (=a) since the product of any such key a with 0 (=A) yields 0. I do not think any special calculator is needed in each of these cases. Are they the odd numbers between 1 and 25? You have 36 possible "characters" here. Calculates a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a, which is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. ax = 1 (mod m) ax aa1 1 (mod m) a x a a 1 1 ( mod m) Integer a. The following table shows the numbers relative prime to M for the first 21 integers. Which number would that be? Not every key phrase is qualified to be the key; however, there are still more than enough. After finding each factor of M, I just print them out in
for (j=1;j
#include
#include
#include
void main()
{
int M, m, j, factor, factor2;
bool prime;
clrscr();
cout << "This program finds the 'bad' keys for an entered alphabet length M." << endl;
cout << "===========================================================================" << endl;
do
{
cout << "Enter the alphabet length or 0 to exit: M=";
cin >> M;
m=M; factor=2; prime=0; //initialization
while(factor <= m)
{
if (m%factor==0)
{
if (factor!=M)
{
cout << "Divisor of "<< M << " =" << setw(3) <. Modulo Arithmetic & Ciphers. The number fetched through output is mapped in the table mentioned above and the corresponding letter is taken as the encrypted letter. An alphabet[1] is an ordered set of all characters which can occur in a plaintext, a secret text, or the key. For classical methods, the alphabet often consists only of the uppercase letters (A-Z). First, symbols of the used alphabet (alphabet as a set of symbols, for example, the alphabet in the above calculator includes space, comma, and dot symbols) are encoded with digits, for example, symbol's order number in the set. 23
background-color: #620E01;
Now, lets look at examples for MOD arithmetic:
Example2: The inverse of a=3 is a-1 = 2 MOD 5 because a * a-1 = 3*2 = 6 = 1 MOD 5. and all data download, script, or API access for "Multiplicative Cipher" are not public, same for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app! rev2023.5.1.43405. Therefore, an eavesdropper simply has to count letter frequencies to identify the most frequent cipher letter. Cryptography with Python - Affine Cipher - TutorialsPoint Modular Multiplicative Inverse Calculator - High accuracy calculation Before considering such encoding techniques, we go ahead and check if the other frequent number, 20, is the cipher E.
Checking the E column, we can see that the possible two keys are the bad one a=18 and the good one a=5. A function that performs this is called an alphabet function. Divide the letters of the message into groups of two or three. color: #ffffff;
They are trade-offs in terms of their efficiency: the gain of not having to determine the most frequent letter in the cipher text for the brute force approach is at the cost of producing all possible cipher codes. div#home a:link {
WAP to find the solutions of equations: a.14x=12mod 18 b.3x+4=6 mod 132. This shows that when using an encoding key that is one less than the alphabet length M, namely a = M-1, then the decoding key must also equal M-1, a-1 = M-1. 21 is an inverse to 5 MOD 26, therefore 5 is inverse to 21 and the two 1s are mirrored over the diagonal line. Calculate the value of each letter as follows (where a and b are the keys of the password): E (x)= (ax + b) mod m 3. The next two lines then show us that the variable false is defined as 0 and true as 1. "Ordered" means that sorting is possible and we can speak of the n-th character of an alphabet. Our implementation of Vigenre, Beaufort, etc. Finding the decoding keys for each good key a in the same manner, we obtain the following key pairs:
Good Encoding key aIts decoding key a-111395217159311191571723191121523172525
Three important observations:
All decoding keys a-1 in the right column are among the set of all encoding keys a. Simply by looking at the table, we find that the following keys (whose rows are bold) produce a unique encryption and therefore call them the good keys:
a = 1,3,5,7,9,11,15,17,19,21,23,25
Why those and what do they have in common? Try to answer it for yourself. Take a moment now to verify the
Rule for finding the decoding key a-1:
1) For a given good key a, find the unique 1 in the a-row,
2) From that 1 go all the way up that column,
3) The letters numerical equivalent that you hit on the very top is the inverse of a. Thus, we now go ahead and practice a bit more computer programming. Lets consider two options:
Option 1: Cracking the cipher code using letter frequencies
If plain letters are replaced by cipher letters the underlying letter frequencies remain unchanged. One of the major goals of current Mathematics research is to design faster factoring algorithms as todays are fairly slow. div#home {
The message "ACDC" should be encrypted with the key "ABBA" according to the Vigenre method. Also, each B and each M turn into 2 (=c) since 2*1 = 2 MOD 26 and 2*14 = 28 = 2 MOD 26. He investigated these number properties and was the first one to come up with a function, Eulers (-function, also called Eulers Totient function, that determines the number of integers that are relative prime to a given integer M. It is a function that is in the heart of Cryptography and used i.e. Then we choose a matrix of n x n size, which will be the cipher's key. How do we deal with non-letters? We then perform matrix multiplication modulo the length of the . This calculator uses an adjugate matrix to find the inverse, which is inefficient for large matrices due to its recursion, but perfectly suits us. or . Technically 1 too, but this would be no change from plaintext. Multiplicative Simplified variant of the affine cipher Cipher Description Security About alphabets Plaintext: The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. These calculations were correct but almost required a calculator. Examples are: 4 and 5 are relatively prime because gcd(4,5)=1. This modulo calculator performs arithmetic operations modulo p over a given math expression. 15
On the right we ended up with the explicit formula for ((M) when M consists of one prime power and two primes. Multiplicative Cipher on dCode.fr [online website], retrieved on 2023-05-02, https://www.dcode.fr/multiplicative-cipher, multiplicative,multiplication,modulo,cipher, https://www.dcode.fr/multiplicative-cipher, What is Multiplicative Cipher? For the M, 12*3=36 would result. Firstly I have no idea how they derived this formula, but I think I have a general idea. Lets simply test all possible keys of the multiplication ciphers MOD 26:
PLAIN LETTER
0000000000000000000000000 a ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ00000000000000000000000000010123456789101112131415161718192021222324252024681012141618202224024681012141618202224303691215182124147101316192225258111417202340481216202426101418220481216202426101418225051015202549141924381318232712172216111621606121824410162228142006121824410162228142070714212916234111825613201815223101724512198081624614224122021018081624614224122021018909181101921120312214132251423615247162581710010204142481821222616010204142481821222616110112271831425102161721324920516112238194151201224102282061841621401224102282061841621413013013013013013013013013013013013013013140142164186208221024120142164186208221024121501541982312116520924132176211025143187221116016622122188241442010016622122188241442010170178251672415623145221342112320112191011891801810220124221462416801810220124221462416819019125241710322158120136251811423169221147200201482221610424181260201482221610424181262102116116122171272231813832419149425201510522022181410622420161284022181410622420161284230232017141185225221916131074124211815129632402422201816141210864202422201816141210864225025242322212019181716151413121110987654321
We learned already that the key a=2 (as can be seen in the 3rd row) does not produce a unique encryption. We can also calculate all the possible keys for the Affine Cipher. Cipher textanromrjukahhouh013171412179201007714207
He finds the cipher letter h to be most frequent. Method 1: Separated: In each sub-alphabet, mod 16 is calculated (hex addition), since each sub-alphabet contains 16 elements, and it remains in the same partial alphabet from which the plaintext letter originates. Once we have the solution, our x is the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m. Rewrite the above equation like that Right, we have to add 101 to the 10 which we do by adding a=101 in cl='a' + (a*(pl -'a'))%26. }
Multiplicative - CrypTool Portal So in our above example, the key is 7. Of course, you dont want to receive any more ambiguous messages. We, therefore, name the good keys as follows:
Definition of numbers that are relative prime:
Two integers are called relative prime if their greatest common divisor equals 1. First we need to calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of keyA. Calculator Use Multiplication of positive or negative whole numbers or decimal numbers as the multiplicand and multiplier to calculate the product using long multiplication. Example3: For M=16=24 we have u(16) = 24 - 23 = 8 which are the 8 good keys a=1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15. if the letter e (the most frequent letter in the English language) occurs 20 times in the plain text its replacement letter will appear 20 times in the cipher text. Is there a generic term for these trajectories? Our alphabet length of 28 now yields how many unique encryptions? Please enable JavaScript to use all functions of this website. So, lets understand why the bad keys
a = 2,4,6,8,10,12,13,14,16,18,20,22,24
dont produce a unique encryption. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Each letter is associated with its rank $ c $ in the alphabet (starting from 0). The explanation of cipher, which is below the calculator, assumes an elementary knowledge of matrices. 9
Multiplicative Cipher : Encryption Decryption Method - YouTube To do so, I distinguish between upper and lower case letters since they are encoded slightly different. M23456789101112131415161718192021( (M)12242648121041268816618812
Similar to our notation, the properties of Eulers (-function that computes the number of integers that are relatively prime to M and wrote similarly to our notation:
Eulers (-function:
1) ((p) = p-1 for a prime p.
2) ((pn) = pn - pn-1 for a prime power pn. block cipher - Multiplicative Inverse in AES - Cryptography Stack Exchange Lets check this for an alphabet length of M=29. This principle of finding the number of bad keys holds true for any alphabet length that is a prime power: There are M/p multiples of p less or equal to M, and therefore M/p - 1 many less than M. And we are only interested in those integers less than M since we are calculating MOD M which involves the integers 0 to M-1. RSA Calculator - College of Computing & Informatics //Author: Nils Hahnfeld 10/15/99
//Factoring program
#include
#include
#include
void main()
{
int M, factor ;
clrscr();
do
{
cout << "Enter the integer that you want to factor or 0 to exit: M=";
cin >> M;
factor=2;
while(factor <= M)
{
if (M%factor==0) //check all integers less than M as factors
{
cout << factor << endl;
M/=factor;
factor=1;
}
factor++;
}
}while(M!=0);
}
Programmers remarks:
Starting with 2, this program checks the integers from 2 to M-1 as potential factors of M in if (M%factor==0). You can try the sample button which uses a multiplication of 3, and a message of "knowledgeispower" gives enqohmjsmyctqomz. So it will look like this after calculation. If the plaintext is made of both letters (a to z) and digits (0 to 9), how do you find the key domain of the multiplication cipher? Here both approaches are treated: for separate partial alphabets and for a memorized alphabet. This allows us to force results to belong to the same alphabet. 5
All we need to know are the prime divisors of M, but we dont even need to know how often a prime number divides M. The formula MOD(E$2*$B4,26) computes the number of the plain letter T, namely 19. However, there is no 7 the numerical equivalent of letter h - in the E column. A little computer program turns out to be again very valuable as the number of good keys can be easily determined by first finding all prime factors of M to then use the above explicit formula. Therefore, all the keys that are multiples of 5 such as a=10,15,20,25,30 will also translate the H into 0(=a). DOC Chapter 2 : Multiplicative Cipher - TI89 There are other numbers co-prime with 26 (which are greater than 26) but they give alphabets identical to those above. While using Caesar cipher technique, encrypting and decrypting symbols involves converting the values into numbers with a simple basic procedure of addition or subtraction. That is A multiplicative cipher is a type of cipher that comes under a monoalphabetic cipher, in which each letter that is present in the plaintext is replaced by a corresponding letter of the ciphertext, according to a fixed multiplication key. We can therefore always find a-1 for a given good key a. If the modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m exists, the operation of division by a modulo m can be defined as multiplying by the inverse. Multiplicative Cipher - Tutorial - scanftree div#home a:hover {
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n n n n Chapter 2 Multiplicative Cipher
In this chapter we will study the Multiplicative Cipher. This inverse modulo calculator calculates the modular multiplicative inverse of a given integer a modulo m. Multiplicative inverse vs. Modular multiplicative inverse warning First of all, there is a multiplicative inverse or reciprocal for a number x, denoted by 1/x or x, and it is not the same as modular multiplicative inverse. What 1 formula is used for the Affine Cipher Calculator? Since the bool.h library is very short I want to show you its contents:
typedef int bool;
const int false = 0;
const int true = 1;
In the first line the new data type bool is defined of type int so that the (two) bool-variables are just regular integers. For the encryption to be reversible (so that the message can be decrypted), the key must be a coprime number with 26 (where 26 is the number of letters of the alphabet). Can we increase the number of unique encryptions by further extending our alphabet? Lets write down the
Formula for the number of bad keys if M is a prime power
b(M) = number of bad keys = M/p - 1. Let us understand this by implementing a simple example using the Multiplicative Cipher.
Then the Vigenre encryption for an input character in and a key key can be described as: The letters of in and key are converted into numbers, these numbers are added, and the sum is re-converted to a letter. If we dont want to give an eavesdropper any additional information about our secret message, we would firstly either not use such characters at all or we would expand our alphabet length and encode them just like the other plain letters. If you are able to invent a fast factoring algorithm, you will not have to worry about a future job. The message is an alphabetical substitution, the frequency analysis should make it possible to find the most common letters. That is weird! Since a=10 is a bad key he checks the good key a=23. An easier way to determine the decoding key a-1
Decoding a message turns out to be really easy once we know the decoding key a-1. a bug ? Just as 5*1/5 yields 1, 5 * 5-1 shall equal 1 MOD 26. the number of unique encryptions u are dependent on the chosen alphabet length M. Since u can be expressed as a formula that involves M, namely u=M-1, we say that u is a function of M and write u(M)=M-1. The 14 as the possible cipher E then tells him to test the keys a=10 and a=23. In fact, any character is stored as a number: i.e. Step 2: The basic formula that can be used to implement Multiplicative Cipher is: Decryption= (C * Multiplication inverse of the key) Mod 26 Here, c = ciphertext Mod = Modulo Step 3: Let's see how decryption can be done using the above formula: Ciphertext = QCCSWJUPQCCSW and multiplication inverse key = 15 ((24) = ((23 *3) = ((23)*((3) = (23-22)*(3-1) = 4*2 = 8 as 1,5,7,11,13,17,19,23 are relative prime to 24. The three factors in the parentheses already have the same desired format, however, the single 2 destroys it. It is a-1=4 since 3*4 = 12 = 1 MOD 11. Instead of adding a number as we did in the Caesar Cipher, we will now multiply each plain letter by an integer a, our secret encoding key. By subtracting a (=101) from the entered plain letter in (pl -'a');. In fact, I always have to subtract 101 from each entered lower case plain letter to get its corresponding number. For a check: the same eight integers 1,5,7,11,13,17,19,23 are relative prime to 30 and are thus the good keys for M=30. Reminder : dCode is free to use. To do so, we have to look at the encryption equation C=a*P MOD 26 and solve it for the desired plain text letter P.
In order to solve an equation like 23=5*P for P using the rational numbers, we would divide by 5 or multiply by 1/5 to obtain the real solution P=23/5. Generally: An alphabet of length M has the keys: ZM = {0,1,2,3,, M-2,M-1}
2) Now, the good keys are the ones that are relative prime to 26 as listed above and are
denoted as Z26*. In fact, all the upper case letters on Excel are 65 numbers higher than those we are using, the lower case letters on Excel are 97 numbers above ours (i.e. The inverse function returns the n-th character for a number n in L. To n, the length of the list L is added or subtracted as often as necessary until the index lies in the list. The modular multiplicative inverse of a modulo m can be found with the Extended Euclidean algorithm. In the next chapter, I will show you one principle of increasing the safety of a cipher code. Affine cipher - Modular multiplicative inverse. 2) If M is a prime power, M=pn:
Now lets look back at M=27 as an example where we only have the one prime factor p=3, such that M=33. It may be denoted as , where the fact that the inversion is m-modular is implicit. To ensure that no two letters are mapped to the same letter, a and m must be coprime. Can we do even better with M=28 ? Moreover, multiplying any two good keys yields again a good key. Extracting arguments from a list of function calls. Example2: For M=9=32 we have u(9) = 32 - 31 = 9 3 = 6 which are the 6 good keys a=1,2,4,5,7,8. To find the inverse for each good key a, you just need to look back at the 26 by 26 encryption table. More precisely: Out of the 25 (= p * q - 1) integers that are smaller than 26, we had 12 (=13-1) multiples of 2 {2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24} and the 1 (=2-1) multiple of 13 {13} as bad keys, so that 25-12-1=12 good keys are remaining:
a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25
Notice that u(26) = 12 = 25-12-1 = (p*q - 1) (p-1) - (q-1)
Example2: For M=10=5*2, we obtain u(10)=4 good keys which are obtained by crossing out the 4 (=5-1) multiples of 2 and the 1 (=2-1) multiples of 5 as bad keys:
a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Notice that again u = 4 = 9 4 1 = (p*q - 1) (p-1) (q-1)
Example3: For M=15=5*3, we obtain u(15)=8 good keys which are obtained by crossing out the 4 (=5-1) multiples of 2 and the 2 (=3-1) multiples of 5:
a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
Notice that again u = 8 = 14 4 2 = (p*q - 1) (p-1) (q-1)
The number of good keys can always be computed by u(p*q) = (p*q - 1) - (p-1) -(q-1). That was trial and error and might take quite a while. Subsequently, ( is computed by property 1) if such factors are primes or by property 2) if they are prime powers. However, there are some additional integers that are not prime (i.e. Therefore, we first have to add 65 to the 19 in order to translate the 84 eventually into the desired T using =CHAR(65+MOD(E$2*$B4,26)). If a single character is encrypted by E(C) = (c * k) % 36 then possible keys k are numbers that are coprime to 36, ie.gcd(k,36)=1.Furthermore it makes not much sense to consider numbers not between 1 and 36, because of the modulo. Even though this cipher seems to be more complex than the Caesar cipher, it is not more secure. Examples for property 3): 15 and 21 are products of two primes. Additionally, you will learn that the RSA Cipher uses prime numbers as well. Can I use an 11 watt LED bulb in a lamp rated for 8.6 watts maximum. The basic formula to be used in such a scenario to generate a multiplicative cipher is as follows (Alphabet Number * key)mod (total number of alphabets) The number fetched through output is mapped in the table mentioned above and the corresponding letter is taken as the encrypted letter. According to the definition in wikipedia, in classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Therefore, the set of all encoding keys must equal the set of all decoding keys. The key should be kept secret and only shared with authorized parties. Example4: For M= 34 =81, we get u(81) = 34 - 33 = 81 27 = 54. He obtains:
Cipher textanromrjukahhouh013171412179201007714207
013116711232140151519215PLAIN TEXTANLGHLXCOAPPTCP
That message does not reveal a virus carrier. WAP to implement Additive cipher(key=20), Multiplicative cipher(key=15)and affine cipher(key=15,20). A summary of our explorations for the number of good keys shows:
1) u(p) = p - 1, if M is prime M=p. I.e. Say, we want to encrypt the plain letter C=67. Therefore, no matter how he decides to crack the cipher text, it wont take long. From property 1) we know that ((2)=1 and ((13)=12, and consequently, ((2*13) = ((2)*((13) = 1*12 = 12 which is exactly property 3). We wont have to do it that way again since there is a much more straightforward method. Since we calculate MOD 26, thus dealing with integers from 0 to 25, we now have to find an integer a-1 among those integers that yields 1 MOD 26 when multiplied by 5: a-1 * 5 = 1 MOD 26. Before Conversion: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ After Conversion: XYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW Age Calculators If a=4,6,8,,24, we encounter the same dilemma as for a=2. These ads use cookies, but not for personalization. PLAIN LETTER:ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Secret key: a=2012345678910111213141516171819202122232425
024681012141618202224024681012141618202224 Cipher letter:acegikmoqsuwyacegikmoqsuwy
Notice, that only every other cipher letter appears, and that exactly twice. 3) ((p*q) = (p-1)*(q-1) for two distinct primes p and q. Consider an alphabet length of M=35: the bad key a=5 (why?) This table shows the occurances of the letters in the text (ignoring the case of the letters): This table shows how the text matches a normal probability to text (where 'E' has the highest level of occurance and 'Z' has the least). color: #ffffff;
Code Do they? Ubuntu won't accept my choice of password. So the cipher text symbol will be w for the letter a in this case. Online calculator: Modular Multiplicative Inverse Calculator - PLANETCALC v l X X X color: #ffffff;
affine cipher The reason is (M-1) * (M-1) = (-1) * (-1) = 1 MOD M. For example: when using an alphabet length of M = 27 and an encoding key a=26 then its decoding key is a-1 =26. QCCSWJUPQCCSW as an example to perform decryption using the multiplicative cipher. Example: If we use the encoding key a=3, we find that the decoding key a-1 is 9 as the 1 occurs in the J- or 9-column telling us additionally that the plain letter J (=9) encrypts to the cipher letter b (=1). Playfair cipher online encoder and decoder. 4) ((n*m) = ((n) * ((m) when n and m are relatively prime. For the English alphabet, where m = 26, this means a cannot be 2, 4, 6, 8 (any even number) or 13. Solution of Multipilicative Inverse of 7. To have the solution, the right part of the linear diophantine equation should be a multiple of the . padding-right: 20px;
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. The Caesar cipher is a special case of the Affine cipher where A is 1 and B is the shift/offest. Affine Cipher - Crypto Corner
3
If you choose to do so, dont forget to also redefine the corresponding decoding key in int a=5, ainverse=21; . Each character is multiplied with this key and the corresponding letter is substituted. It is possible to distinguish between 2 types of actions in the plain text: uppercase letters [A-Z] and digits [0-9]. Affine cipher - online encoder / decoder - Calcoolator.eu Since we calculate MOD 26, thus dealing with integers from 0 to 25, we now have to find an integer a-1 among those integers that yields 1 MOD 26 . Certainly, it might be a double encoded message that has to be decoded twice, possibly using two different keys or even two different ciphers. Why does Acts not mention the deaths of Peter and Paul? Alternatively, the non-alphabet letters in the key and the plain text can also be filtered out to increase the security. 2) The setwidth command setw() assigns as many spaces as entered in the parentheses for a numerical output in order to have a well-formatted output. I accomplish this. We obtain ((2*13) = ((2) *((13). width: max-content;
Remember that a function, per definition, assigns to each x-value one particular y-value. An extreme example would be when a=0: all plain letters are translated into 0s which are all as so that no decryption is possible. Its numerical equivalent reveals the row and therefore the key a as follows:
PLAIN LETTER
0000000000000000000000000 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ101234202468303691240481216505101520254914192438131823271217221611162160612182470714212808162469091811010010204141101122718120122410221301301301401421641501541981601662212170178251618018102201901912524200201482210211611622022181410230232017141185225221916131074124211815129632402422201825025242322
After intercepting the cipher text, an eavesdropper simply finds the most frequent letter of this rather brief message.
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