lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). Your Privacy Rights Web1521. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. The collections are indexed by main entry, by geographic location, by subject, by chronological dates, and by the types of forms used (such as diaries, ledgers, etc.). We welcome updates and additions to this Wiki page. 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners 4,349 Black slaves 574 Mulatto slaves 103 free Blacks The total population included 3,953,762 slaves. Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. In, Slave Voyages. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the the first page number on which they were listed. The rest of the slaves in the listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 for such named slaves, did not notice any such information while doing this transcription, except The final circum-Caribbean slave society was what became the southern United States. WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. Mr. SUTCH: Tuskegee Institute was collecting data back in the 1890s on lynchings in the United States, lynchings, the illegal execution of black people by white mobs. The History Guy: Slave Rebellions and Uprisings in the U.S. However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. [Online]. Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. But what the statistics allow us to do is see how widespread it was. Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. By the time of the next census, in 1870, slavery had been ended. That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. Census: Slave Schedules, Black or Mulatto, Colored, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database, accessed May 1, 2023, https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. 10 Rolls. And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms Far fewer finding aids for these records have been created, causing access problems even when the records themselves survive. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 This is NPR News. In time the estate owners moved to England, and the sugar plantations were managed by sometimes unstable and unsavoury Europeans who, with the aid of Black overseers and drivers, controlled masses of slaves. 38% of what the colored population had been 100 years before.) (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. 1860 slaveholder. Mr. RICHARD SUTCH (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): As everyone probably is aware, black Americans who were enslaved were not taught how to read and write. But many historians approached that data very skeptically. enumerated by County in 1860 and included 393,975 named persons holding 3,950,546 unnamed Available for 11 counties: Camden, Columbia, Elbert, Franklin, Jackson, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Pulaski, Richmond, Warren, and Wilkes. It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. 5 Rolls. An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. In Brazil, where sugar had been tried even before its planting in the Caribbean, the coffee bush was imported from Arabia or Ethiopia via Indonesia, and it had an impact similar to that of sugar in the Caribbean. This transcription includes 138 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Edgefield County, West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. Many of these that date prior to 1900 are available on FamilySearch.org. separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. [Example: In Lester Maddoxs files, there are such subject headings as Augusta Riot, 1967-70, Black Panthers and School Desegregation.]. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. Marriage Records: Certificates list the names of the bride and groom, county of marriage, date of marriage, and the name of the official who married the couple. County Property Tax Digests, 1789-2001 (RG 34-6-1) and microfilm. In the South, the percentage of the population that was enslaved was extraordinarily high: over 70 percent in most counties along the Mississippi River and parts of the South Carolina and Georgia coast. A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. 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Contact the Archives | WebThere were almost 700 thousand slaves in the US in 1790, which equated to approximately 18 percent of the total population, or roughly one in every six people. WebSUMMARY. Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. PURPOSE. WebThis was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. "Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866." transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions In one case, the Tuskegee Institute's figures on lynching were in question. significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for A second observation to make from this map is how pervasive slavery was to the United States. Currently, you are using a shared account. Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); Between 1860 WebThe best-known slave societies were those of the circum-Caribbean world. Web, Jun 21, 2022 Throughout the history of the transatlantic slave trade, approximately 5.7 million of the 12.5 million African slaves who embarked on slave ships did so in ports Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. listed as having 15,993 whites, about a 2.5 times increase, while the 1960 total of 12,718 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm Gold Coast: Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana States that saw Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. African American descendants of persons who were enslaved in Edgefield County, South Carolina in 1860, if they have an changed through the years and because the sizeable number of large farms must have resulted in Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County An The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). list is a separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African To check a master surname list for other States Copyright 2006 NPR. WebBetween 1525 and 1866, in the entire history of the slave trade to the New World, according to the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, 12.5 million Africans were shipped to the B. Uzzle? This Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Army. In 1830 there were two African American slave holders. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Also available on Ancestry.com. Alphabetically arranged within each section. MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Edgefield County population included Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at The unceasing spread of slavery provoked political crises, eventually leading to the Civil War. In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. 5 Roles (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231 /1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. The census shows no subdivisions within the County. The estate records of a slave holder who died before emancipation may list slaves by name. detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . The process of publication of slaveholder names beginning with larger slaveholders will enable naming of the holders Notice that population in the north both grows in place and spreads westward. Windward Coast: Liberia, Cte d'Ivoire the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Edgefield County, South Carolina (NARA microfilm series M653, NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. Department of Education (RG 12) Negro Education Division, 1911-ca. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia Census data (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the Tour Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and learn about the state's colonial settlement and Mount Vernon, Legal relationships between slaves and free strangers, Attitudes toward slavery: the matter of race. Of, 67 slaves, Harris page 221B, DAVIS, Dr. With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. Nor can these maps express anything of the pain of the whip or the escape to freedom, of the exhaustion of labor or the sounds of preaching and shouting at a religious gathering: for that one must read any of scores of excellent histories. Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. The free African American population settled primarily along the Eastern seaboard and especially in the cities of the northern United States. Learn more. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. *Generally speaking, the regions used in the source appear to refer to ports that are or were located in the following modern countries in mainland Africa (although there is likely a lot of overlapping data between certain regions, as their borders and names became redefined throughout history); Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. 5800 Jonesboro Road if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',322,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-3-0');An American Slave with Scars from Whipping, Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population. If an African American ancestor Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was African American Library Directors in the USAAfrican American Women Veterans in and from KentuckyComplete A-Z List or List of SourcesKentucky Places or Kentucky Counties. In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. Available for all Georgia counties. Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. U.S. WebThe 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Slave Voyages. When looking at all of these maps together, it's noticable that even as the total number of enslaved peoples in the United States increased between 1790 and 1860, the multitudes were dispersed across the increasing expanse of the United States, rather than becoming more concentrated in areas where slavery was well established. Morrow, GA 30260 In 15 counties there was a total of 92 owners of 20 or more enslaved people. As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African American research. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population WebAs a result of the Union victory in the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1865), nearly four million slaves were freed. Statista. The page numbers used are the rubber stamped numbers in WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African addressed in this transcription. Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). This is the first significant uprising of African slaves. these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. A statistic about the literacy of freed slaves recently came to our attention. Based on the population statistics gathered in the 1860 Census, and certified by the superintendent of the Census Office, the map depicted the percentage of the population enslaved in each county. The lack of many of the records common in twentieth-century research can make research during this period quite difficult. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." Learn more. Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania This is a very important distinction, for you cannot assume these relationships without additional evidence. SOURCES. About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. County, the number of slaves they held in the County, the District shown on the enumeration and ELLIOTT: Well, we decided to dig deeper by asking Richard Sutch and Susan Carter what caused such a rapid rise in literacy rates after the Civil War. Accuracy and availability may vary. FORMER SLAVES. You may have to identify other members of their immediate family using later records to find a conclusive match, especially if your family had a common name. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. transcription includes 104 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Franklin County, Department of Education, Local Superintendents Annual Reports, 1938-1977, RG 12-22-64, : Arranged by county, describe each school building, number of teachers, number of employees, number of students in each grade, average daily attendance, budget, and other statistics. It is the first census to name all former slaves. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 That count fell to zero in the 1870 census, but the actual decline was not sudden. Newspapers: There are a variety of newspapers available, arranged by city of publication, county of publication, and title of the newspaper. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. By the 1870 From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case We're calling the series A Story Behind the Number. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. The Cotton could be grown profitably on smaller plots than could sugar, with the result that in 1860 the average cotton plantation had only about 35 slaves, not all of whom produced cotton. WebReconstruction (1865-1877), the turbulent era following the Civil War, was the effort to reintegrate Southern states from the Confederacy and 4 million newly-freed people into held by Rambo on 481B. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Annual GDP growth for the United States 1930-2021, Number of executive orders signed by U.S. presidents 1789-2022, Winning margins for votes in U.S. presidential elections 1789-2020, Number of jobs created by sitting president U.S. 1933-2022. Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. If an African Also listed were the reported fugitive and manumitted (freed) slaves and the deaf, blind, insane, and idiotic slaves. almost non-existent. Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? If you cannot find your family in 1870, try looking for their given names rather than just the surname. of that County on which they were listed. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. But Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that some Vermont African Americans were held in bondage. on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. The slave population had a different dynamic. And slavery spread because enslaved African Americans were forced to migrate. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with M205. In counties along the Atlantic Coast in 1790 and 1800, the population of slaves at any one time was nearly at its peak. Estimated number of African slaves who were taken from various regions* of Africa during the transatlantic slave trade in each century from 1501 to 1866 [Graph]. their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. County? accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the formation of Vance County. 1880 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. But of course the freedmen needed to work in the fields to keep alive, and that meant that the adults, by and large, couldn't attend the schools. 3,953,760 In 1790, the first census of the United States counted 697,624 slaves. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. slaveholders. The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. WebSlaves names were not recorded in the U.S. Census until after the war, in 1870. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. But what's in a statistic? D., 50 slaves, Harris page 207, WILLIAMS, Wm. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. Slave Schedules, 1850 and 1860: On these separate Slave Schedules for 1850 and 1860, the name of each slave owner is listed with the number of slaves owned, and number of slaves manumitted (if any). They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts.