social science issues related to war

Between 1861 and 1865, at least 618,000 and perhaps as many as 750,000 soldiers in both the Union and the Confederacy died on the battlefield or from disease. San Francisco Chronicle, p. A6. To them war is a calamity and a social disaster, whether it is afflicted by one nation upon another or conceived of as afflicting humanity as a whole. R. Radcliffe-Brown would claim that he was moved to initiate his studies of simpler peoples on the advice of the celebrated Russian . National Priorities Project. Are we giant suckers? Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. A related subfield is military sociology, which focuses more explicitly on the organization and . New York Times. New York Times, p. A1. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. US veterans: By the numbers. Danner, M. (2006). In political science (as in other fields in the social sciences from economics to anthropology) there has been a kind of simmering war being waged between quantitative and qualitative researchers - and the new journal was, in part, meant to heal the rift. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823. Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html. When napalm ends up on human skin, it causes incredibly severe pain and burns down to the bone, with death often resulting. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! In terms of the risk of dying in war, then, the Mongolian wars were five times more deadly than World War II. Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). Oscar Arias, a former president of Costa Rica and a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, echoed these famous words from President Eisenhower when he wrote a decade ago that US military spending took money away from important domestic needs. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. Social studies represent integrated and systematic study of several areas of social science/ humanities, among which economics, civics, history, geography, culture, sociology, political science, archaeology, law, philosophy, religion, etc. Trade-offs. This article covers the concept of social issues and highlights the different experiences of rural and urban sectors. Analysis of the FY2012 defense budget. The high unemployment rate of the Iraq and Afghanistan veterans has made this need even more urgent. Newsweek, 5262. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. Noting that the military budget today exceeds the average budget during the Cold War, they think military spending is far higher than it needs to be to ensure the nations defense with the Soviet Union no longer a threat. All these killings were outright slaughter. Chapter 15 Population and the Environment also discussed environmental change as a source of armed conflict, including war (Fisman & Miguel, 2010). Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 267277. Military spending: A poor job creator. Through research, discussion and debate, the social and behavioral science communities confront important societal issues everyday. Theyre in good shape for the shape theyre in, Sources: Ledbetter, 2011; Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 1971. In addition, half of American children need food stamps at some time before becoming adults, while this problem is far rarer in Europe. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. Identify two social science issues related to education. To illustrate this trend, compare two periods of history (Pinker, 2012). Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. The hope arises from historical evidence that the number of international wars, civil wars, and other types of armed conflict has in fact declined over the centuries, with the number in the past half-century much smaller than in centuries past (Pinker, 2012). (2012, January 8). 19 Gathering the right information in small doses provides significantly more strategic awareness versus the reverse. Introduction. According to this argument, war is part of our genetic heritage because the humans who survived tens of thousands of years ago were those who were most able, by virtue of their temperament and physicality, to take needed resources from other humans they attacked and to defend themselves from attackers. Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. This latter fact needs some explanation. War can also change a nations political structure in obvious ways, as when the winning nation forces a new political system and leadership on the losing nation. Social science is the study of human society and its members' interactions with each other and their relationships to cultural institutions like education or religion. Most arms exports from the United States and other exporters go to developing nations. Natural Science and Social Problems 117 government does not want it. Pollin, R., & Garrett-Peltier, H. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm. for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. War is not . Victims of military rape deserve justice. When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). Because napalm is very sticky, it is almost impossible to wipe off or remove with water once it does end up on skin. Spend Time on Research You should always look for academically proven and reliable sources that you can cite in your essay. CNN.com. (2012, January 12). Where your income tax money really goes. Updated on June 02, 2019 Military sociology is the sociological study of the military. Korb, L. J., Rothman, A., & Hoffman, M. (2012). Week 1 Question 7 Identify two social science issues related toeducation. An Associated Press photo of her running naked and screaming with burns after her village was napalmed was one of the most memorable photos of that war. citing the Encyclopedia of Science and Religion, [full citation needed] defines the science wars as the discussions about the "way the sciences are related to or incarnated in culture, history . Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have also come back home with these problems. What happened to a leaner, meaner military. The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. Health care expenses for survivors amount to almost $1 billion annually, and the cost of prosecution amounts to $19 million annually (Stalsburg, 2011). Retrieved from http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories. As this brief discussion suggests, US veterans have many unmet needs. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Racial and religious discrimination are the two significant social issues in America, Africa, and the world. When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. In World War II, Tirman adds, the United States dropped two atomic bombs that killed tens of thousands of civilians, and it joined its allies in the carpet bombing of German and Japanese cities that also killed hundreds of thousands. Open Document. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. ORDER NOW FOR AN ORIGINAL PAPER ASSIGNMENT: SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment. Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). The idea is not newin the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars it was articulated, for example, by Tolstoy in the concluding chapter of War and Peace (1865-69). appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. Much of these mandatory expenses are funded by trust funds, such as Social Security taxes, which are raised and spent separately from income taxes. Guns versus butter is a macroeconomics phrase that illustrates the dilemma that nations face in deciding their spending priorities. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? As its name implies, mandatory spending is required by various laws and includes such things as Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, and interest payments on the national debt. In shedding light on the prevalence of military rape and sexual assault and on the many negative effects of these crimes, social science research has performed an important service. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. The Times-Leader. Retrieved February 16, 2012, from http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html. Women veterans who are raped or sexually assaulted often suffer PTSD. As Chapter 15 Population and the Environment discussed, population growth may lead to armed conflict of various types, including war, because growing populations need more food, water, and other resources. (2011, November 11). In 2010, more than 19,000 US military personnel, most of them women, were raped or sexually assaulted (Stalsburg, 2011). Military preparedness does not come cheap. World War I again provides an interesting example of such changes. (1971). Since 1993, US armed forces have waged war in Iraq and in Afghanistan and also joined international military operations in such countries as Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Libya. In 2010, the US official military budget (defense outlays only) was $698 billion. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). The first is the thirteenth century, when the Mongol Empire under the initial leadership of Genghis Khan became an empire in Asia and Eastern Europe through wars and conquest in which it killed 40 million people. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Some 59% of Americans say science and religion are often in conflict, while 38% say the two are mostly compatible. But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. ABC News. Their poverty forced many of these women to turn to prostitution to earn an income, resulting in a rise in prostitution after the war (Rafter, 1990). A concerted effort needed to help homeless veterans. July 5, 2016. (2012). Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Some verses follow. and environmental protection. The more they spend on their military (guns), the less they can spend on food for their poor and other domestic needs (butter). Experts disagree over this issue. Social science encompasses research on everything related to human society: family life and marriage; education in all its forms; crime both at an individual level and within . Stopping Americas most lethal export. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/165487/job-numbers-are-veterans-are-left-behind. Do we care when civilians die in war? Worrell, M. P. (2011). Their unemployment rate was 13.1 percent in December 2011, compared to only 8.5 percent for the general public; the unemployment rate for veterans ages 2024 was near 30 percent (Dewan, 2011; Zornick, 2012). Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. We cannot discuss all of these issues here, but we will highlight some of the most interesting and important. If warfare is not biological in origin, then it is best understood as a social phenomenon, one that has its roots in the decisions of political and military officials. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. When we think of the impact of war, the consequences for civilians and veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind. Although 55 million is more than 40 million, the worlds population in the thirteenth century was only one-seventh its population during the World War II period. But not all civilians are affected equally. Tirman describes one Korean incident in which machine gun fire from US warplanes killed about one hundred civilian refugees who were resting on a road. Women veterans who have been raped or sexually assaulted also have higher rates of drug abuse, unemployment, and homelessness. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1. As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). Bacevich, A. Describe some of the factors that have influenced this social institution in India. In one example of what Tirman (2011, p. 153) calls a typical massacre, US soldiers arrived at a village that had just been bombed and ordered surviving residents to gather at the center of the town. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. To be blunt, American troops simply shot untold hundreds of Korean and Vietnamese civilians in cold blood. War is a keystone problem, the eradication of which would make our other social problems much more tractable. Cost equivalencies illustrate what is lost when so much money is spent on the military, especially on weapons systems that do not work and are not needed. Nuclear weapons overview. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). He applauds the Korean and Vietnam memorials in Washington, but he laments that neither mentions the people of those countries who perished in the conflicts (Tirman, 2012, p. B01). ABC News. Obamas damaging blow to our military. First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. Other types of less obvious social changes have also resulted from various wars. Statistical abstract of the United States: 2012. Although war is a social phenomenon arising from decisions of political and military officials, other phenomena can make it more likely that these officials will decide to go to war. Some eighty years later, the involvement of African Americans in the US armed forces during World War II helped begin the racial desegregation of the military. New York, NY: Routledge. Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues that could be researched further. Dao, J. 1.2 Sociological Perspectives on Social Problems, 1.3 Continuity and Change in Social Problems, 2.1 The Measurement and Extent of Poverty, 2.2 Who the Poor Are: Social Patterns of Poverty, 3.1 Racial and Ethnic Inequality: A Historical Prelude, 3.5 Dimensions of Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.6 Explaining Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 3.7 Reducing Racial and Ethnic Inequality, 4.4 Violence against Women: Rape and Sexual Assault, 5.2 Public Attitudes about Sexual Orientation, 5.3 Inequality Based on Sexual Orientation, 5.4 Improving the Lives of the LGBT Community, 6.3 Life Expectancy and the Graying of Society, 6.4 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 6.6 Reducing Ageism and Helping Older Americans, 7.5 Drug Policy and the War on Illegal Drugs, 7.6 Addressing the Drug Problem and Reducing Drug Use, 10.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 10.3 Changes and Problems in American Families, 11.1 An Overview of Education in the United States, 11.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 11.3 Issues and Problems in Elementary and Secondary Education, 11.4 Issues and Problems in Higher Education, 12.2 Sociological Perspectives on Work and the Economy, 13.1 Sociological Perspectives on Health and Health Care, 13.2 Global Aspects of Health and Health Care, 13.3 Problems of Health in the United States, 13.4 Problems of Health Care in the United States, 14.2 Sociological Perspectives on Urbanization, 15.1 Sociological Perspectives on Population and the Environment, 15.4 Addressing Population Problems and Improving the Environment, 16.1 Sociological Perspectives on War and Terrorism, 16.4 Preventing War and Stopping Terrorism.